Texas’s journey from a Mexican territory to an independent Republic and state is a significant chapter in American history. Initially part of New Spain, Texas became a Mexican territory in 1821 following Mexico’s independence from Spain. Growing dissatisfaction with Mexican rule led to the Texas Revolution in 1835. On March 2, 1836, Texans declared independence, forming the Republic of Texas.
This independent nation existed until 1845 when Texas joined the United States as the 28th state. Understanding the early capitals during this period sheds light on the political and administrative evolution of Texas.
1. Washington-on-the-Brazos (1836)
Washington-on-the-Brazos is often referred to as the birthplace of Texas. During the Convention of 1836, held from March 1 to March 17, delegates gathered in this small town to draft the Texas Declaration of Independence and establish an interim government for the newly declared Republic of Texas. This period marked the formal break from Mexican control and the beginning of self-governance for Texans.
2. Columbia (1836)
Following the decisive victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, which secured Texas independence, the newly elected government convened in Columbia in the fall of 1836. Under President Sam Houston, this marked the transition from a provisional government to a permanent one. Columbia served as the capital during this crucial phase until early 1837.
3. Houston (1837-1839)
In the spring of 1837, the capital of the Republic of Texas was moved to the newly established town of Houston. Named after Sam Houston, the city served as the seat of government until November 1839. During this time, the government operated out of a building located at the intersection of Texas Avenue and Main Street, playing a pivotal role in the early administrative functions of the republic.
4. Austin (1839-1842, 1845-1855)
Austin first became the capital of Texas in November 1839. The city, named after Stephen F. Austin, the “Father of Texas,” hosted the Texas Congress and served as the seat of government. However, due to concerns about frontier dangers, the capital was temporarily relocated to Houston and Washington-on-the-Brazos from 1842 until 1845. Austin was reinstated as the capital in 1845, a status it held until 1855, during which it witnessed significant growth and development.
5. Washington-on-the-Brazos (1842-1845)
In 1842, amid fears of Mexican invasion and the vulnerability of Austin, President Sam Houston called for the government to return to Washington-on-the-Brazos. The Texas Congress operated from this historic site until 1845, providing a secure location for legislative activities during a period of instability. This move underscored the strategic importance of Washington-on-the-Brazos in Texan history.
6. Austin (1855-1881)
After an 1850 election ensured Austin remained the capital, a new government building was completed in 1855. This period marked a resurgence in Austin’s political significance within Texas. The city continued to serve as the state capital until the building was destroyed by fire in 1881, necessitating the use of temporary facilities while plans for a new capitol were developed.
7. Temporary Capital (1881-1888)
Following the 1881 fire that destroyed the capitol building, temporary facilities in Austin housed the Texas Legislature. In 1882, the Legislature approved the sale of 3,000,000 acres of public land to fund the construction of a new permanent capitol. This period was a transitional phase, highlighting the resilience and determination to maintain Austin as the state’s political center.
8. Present Capital of Texas (1888-Present)
The current Texas State Capitol was completed in May 1888 and has served as the seat of government for more than a century. The building’s initial improvements included the installation of electric lights and an iron fence, symbolizing progress and modernity. Today, the capitol stands as a testament to Texas’s enduring legacy and its continued importance in state governance.
Conclusion
The transitions between the early capitals of Texas from Washington-on-the-Brazos to Austin reflect the dynamic and often turbulent history of the state. Each capital played a crucial role in the political and administrative evolution of Texas, shaping its governance and identity. Understanding these historical shifts provides valuable insights into the foundations of modern Texas.
